語法專項訓練之---虛擬語氣

【知識點】虛擬語氣表示說話人的主觀愿望、猜測、建議或與事實不符的假想等，是通過謂語動詞的特殊形式來構(gòu)成的。由于其實用性強、易與其它句型結(jié)合、創(chuàng)新力度大而倍受命題者的青睞，它主要在單項填空、語法填空和短文改錯試題中考查。同時，由于虛擬語氣表示說話人的主觀態(tài)度，故而在聽力、閱讀理解和完形填空中也會涉及。熟練掌握虛擬語氣后，有助于我們了解說話人當時的真實情感，明白其言外之意、弦外之音，從而準確把握命題人的真正意圖。

1. 虛擬語氣用于條件狀語從句中時，主句和從句謂語動詞的形式，解題關(guān)鍵在于牢記基本結(jié)構(gòu)。

I was wearing a seatbelt. If I hadn’t been wearing one, I would have been injured.

[簡析]句意：我當時系著安全帶。如果我沒有系安全帶，我就會受傷了。使用虛擬語氣，根據(jù)if條件句中的hadn’t been wearing可知，主句用would have done表示對過去情況的虛擬，且I和injure是被動關(guān)系。

Sorry, I am too busy now. If I had time, I would certainly go for an outing with you.

[簡析]根據(jù)題干中“I am too busy now”可知，本題考查對現(xiàn)在的虛擬。句意：對不起，現(xiàn)在我很忙。如果我有空，我當然會和你外出的。

Grace doesn’t want to move to New York because she thinks if she were to live there, she wouldn’t be able to see her parents very often.

[簡析]本題考查對將來的虛擬。句意：Grace不想搬去New York，因為她認為如果住在哪兒，她將不能常?？赐改浮?/span>

2. 在表示“堅持、命令、建議、要求”等動詞后面的賓語從句中，謂語動詞要用“(should)+動詞原形”。這類動詞主要有：1堅持insist、3命令command/ direct/ order、4建議advise/propose/recommend/suggest、6要求ask/desire/ demand/request/ require/urge，此外還有prefer(寧愿)等。解題關(guān)鍵在于should可以省略，并且要注意語態(tài)。

My mom suggests that we should eat out for a change this weekend. (陜西2013卷·12)

[簡析]句意：媽媽建議我們這個周末出去吃飯換換樣。

Eye doctors recommend that a child’s first eye exam be at the age of six months old.

[簡析]句意：眼科醫(yī)生建議：孩子在六個月時就要進行第一次眼科檢查。

3. 在固定句式中考查。解題關(guān)鍵在于牢記基本結(jié)構(gòu)。

(1)It is (high/about/the very) time+that從句。that從句動詞要用一般過去式或“should+動詞原形”。解題關(guān)鍵在于牢記結(jié)構(gòu)以及should不能省略。

Jack is a great talker. It’s high time that he did something instead of just talking. (2012遼寧卷單項填空)

[簡析]It’s high time+that從句，意為“該某人做某事的時候了”。that從句謂語動詞要用一般過去式或“should+動詞原形”。

(2)would rather+從句。

①表示對過去的虛擬，從句動詞用“had+過去分詞”；

②表示對現(xiàn)在或?qū)?/span>的虛擬，從句動詞用一般過去時(be用were)。

We would rather our daughter stayed at home with us, but it is her choice, and she is not a child any longer.

[簡析]根據(jù)but分句中的is可知，本題考查對現(xiàn)在的虛擬。

George is going to talk about the geography of his country, but I’d rather he focused more on its culture.

[簡析]根據(jù)題干中“George is going to talk about the geography of his country” 可知，本題考查對將來的虛擬。

(3)wish+從句。

①表示對過去的虛擬，從句動詞用“had+過去分詞”；

②表示對現(xiàn)在的虛擬，從句動詞用一般過去時(be用were)；

③表示對將來的虛擬，從句動詞用“should/ would/could/might+動詞原形”。

I wish I had been at my sister’s wedding last Tuesday, but I was on a business trip in New York then. (2015天津卷單項填空)

[簡析]根據(jù)時間狀語last Tuesday可知，本題考查對過去的虛擬。

There is a good social life in the village, and I wish I had a second chance to become more involved. (2018江蘇卷單項填空)

[簡析]根據(jù)第一分句中的is可知，本題考查對現(xiàn)在的虛擬。

(4)as if/as though從句。

①表示對過去的虛擬，從句動詞用“had+過去分詞”；

②表示對現(xiàn)在的虛擬，從句動詞用一般過去時(be用were)；

③表示對將來的虛擬，從句動詞用“should/ would/could/might+動詞原形”。

Don’t handle the vase as if it were made of steel.

[簡析]根據(jù)句意“拿花瓶時，不要當它是鋼做的一樣?！?/span>可知，本題考查對現(xiàn)在的虛擬。

He suddenly appeared in class one day, wearing sun glasses. He walked in as if he __17__ (buy) the school. (2012廣東卷語法填空)

[簡析]had bought。根據(jù)句意“他走進來就好像買下了整所學校一樣。”可知，本題考查對過去的虛擬。

(5)省略主句的If only結(jié)構(gòu)。

①表示對過去的虛擬，從句動詞用“had+過去分詞”；

②表示對現(xiàn)在的虛擬，從句動詞用一般過去時(be用were)；

(3)表示對將來的虛擬，從句動詞用“should/ would/ could/ might+動詞原形”。

解題關(guān)鍵在于牢記基本結(jié)構(gòu)。

Look at the trouble I’m in! If only I had followed your advice!

【高考考向】

依據(jù)語境來判斷虛擬語氣的不同形式為高考試題主要設(shè)題方法之一。在今年考題中，出現(xiàn)來對陳述語氣與虛擬語氣辨析考察。

【高考真題】

1. （2019.全國卷Ⅱ改編）If it had been my dog，I’d hope that somebody _______(be) willing to go that extra mile.

would be   句意∶如果那是我的狗，我希望有人愿意為我的狗多走一些路程, would表示意愿。

2. (2019 .天津卷改編)The workers were not better organized, otherwise they_________(accomplish) the task in half the time.

would have accomplished 句意∶工人們沒有被更好地組織起來，否則他們用一半的時間就能完成任務(wù)。根據(jù)句中的otherwise 以及前文為一般過去時可知，此處是對過去情況的含蓄虛擬，從句應(yīng)使用"would+have done"，故填 would have accomplished。

【解題指導】本題通過時態(tài)及句中的關(guān)鍵詞 otherwise 可判斷是對過去情況的含蓄虛擬，從句謂語應(yīng)使用"would+have done"的形式。

3.（2018·北京卷改編）They might have found a bettr hotel if they_______(drive)a few more kilometers.

had driven  句意∶如果他們再開幾千米，可能會找到一個更好的旅館。由主句中的"might have found"可知，此處表示與過去事實相反的假設(shè)，從句應(yīng)用過去完成時。

4.（2017·江蘇卷改編）__________(be) it not for the support of the teachers, the student could not overcome her dificulty.

Were  句意∶要不是老師們的支持，那個學生克服不了她的困難。根據(jù)后面的"could not overcome"可知，此處是對現(xiàn)在情況的虛擬，從句中的 be動詞要用 were。而且當從句中省略了引導詞 if時，從句要用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，即把從句中的were提到句首。故填Were。

5.（2018·江蘇卷改編）單句語法填空

There is a god social life in the village, and I wish I_______ (have) a second chance to become more involved.

句意∶鄉(xiāng)村里的社交生活很好，我希望我能有再一次機會更多地參與其中。wish后的從句用虛擬語氣，根據(jù)語境可知。此處表達說話人此刻不太可能實現(xiàn)的愿望，故從句用一般過去時。

【學生學情分析】

學生能記住虛擬語氣的基本原則，但是對于不同的時間，如三個時空時態(tài)的轉(zhuǎn)換的具體表達不能很好地運用，需要多加練習，熟能生巧。

【建議變式練習】

1.If people ______（drive）more slowly，there wouldn't be so many accidents.

2.If you had worked carefully，you ______（not make）so many mistakes

3.The boat wouldn't have drifted away，if we ______（tie）it up.

4. If I had known you already ______ (have) a typewriter，I ______ (not buy) one for your birthday.

5. If he ______（be）here this afternoon I would go with him.

6. If it were to rain tomorrow，the match ______（postpone）.

7. But for your help，we ______（not be）able to finish the work in time.

8. If it ______ (not be) for the leadership of the Party, we would not have achieved so much.

9. I wish I ______（study）hard while I was young.

10.It is about time that fence ______（mend）

11. My request is that we ______（hold）another session to discuss the problem.

12. It is strange that the car ______ (break) down at exactly the same place where it ______（break）down yesterday.

13.The baby smiled as if he had ______（understand）what his mother ______（say）.

14. He talked as if he ______ (do) all the work himself，but in fact Tom and I ______（do）most of it.

15. If only we ____（have）a phone！I'm tired of queuing outside the public phone box.

16. “Can we come in late tomorrow？”  I'd rather you ______（come）in on time"

17. He looks as if he ______（be）ill for a long time.

18. He always talks as though he ______（address）a public meeting.

19.If a metal ______ (heat)，it will expand.

20.I ______（stay）home if it rains this evening.

答案：1~5 drove  wouldn’t have made  had tied  have had,wouldn’t have bought  were  6~10 would be postponed  wouldn’t have been  were not  had studied  should be mended  11~15 hold  have broken  had understood  had done  had  16~20 came  has been  were addressing  is heated  will stay

撰文：陳曉夏 楊佳順

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審核：丁勁松

上傳：楊佳順